A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) IN INDIA

Abstract

Abstract: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a vital environmental governance instrument used to identify, predict, and evaluate the potential environmental impacts of proposed development projects prior to decision-making. In India, EIA functions as a regulatory mechanism under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and has evolved significantly through policy reforms such as the EIA Notification, 2006. This study critically examines the effectiveness of the EIA system in India by analyzing its legal and institutional framework, procedural implementation, and practical outcomes. The findings indicate that although India possesses a comprehensive and structured EIA framework, its effectiveness is constrained by several challenges, including weak enforcement mechanisms, inadequate public participation, delays in appraisal processes, and poor post-clearance monitoring. Furthermore, issues related to the quality and credibility of EIA reports continue to undermine its intended objectives. The study concludes that strengthening transparency, accountability, and institutional capacity, along with incorporating advanced technologies and stakeholder engagement, is essential to enhance the effectiveness of EIA in achieving sustainable development goals. Keywords: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Governance, Sustainable Development, Public Participation, Environmental Policy, India, Environmental Clearance, Monitoring and Compliance